Animal Structure and Function
Chapter 40
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Tissues
Epithelial - covers
outside of body; lines organs and cavities
Connective - binds &
supports other tissues
Muscle - contract when
stimulated by nerve impulses
Epithelial
Tissue
Classified as simple
(single layer of cells) or stratified (multiple layers of cells)
Attached to basement
membrane - dense mat of extracellular matrix
Provide barrier
protecting against mechanical injury, invasion by microorganisms and fluid loss
Some absorb or secrete
solutions (mucous)
Connective
Tissue
Loose - binds epithelia
to underlying tissue; holds organs in place - most widespread
Adipose - stores fat
Fibrous - joins muscle
to bone (tendons) and bones to each other (ligaments)
Cartilage - flexible
support
Bone - support
Blood - variety of
functions
Nervous
Tissue
Senses stimuli and
transmits signal from one part of animal to another
Functional unit is
neuron (nerve cell)
Dendrites transmit
impulse from tips
Axons transmit impulse
toward another neuron
Muscle
Tissue
Composed of fibers
containing proteins of actin and myosin
Contract when stimulated
by nerve cell
Skeletal (striated)
muscle - aids voluntary movements
Cardiac - striated and
branched - heart
Smooth - lacks
striations - responsible for involuntary movements (e.g., stomach)
Organs
& Organ Systems
Composed of several
types of tissues
Suspended by mesentaries
- sheets of connective tissue
In mammals, most occur
in thoracic and abdominal cavities
Carry out major body
functions
Body
Plans
Physical support on land
depends on both body proportions and posture
Body shape and size
affect interactions with environment
Metabolic
Rate
Total amount of energy
used per unit time
Basal metabolic rate -
endothermic (warm blooded organism at rest
Standard metabolic rate
- ectothermic (cold-blooded) organism at rest
Rate inversely related
to body size among similar animals
Homeostatis
Regulation of internal
environment - steady state - internal fluctuations less than environment
interstitial fluid -
internal environment of vertebrates
Depends on positive and
negative feedback circuits